January 9, 2026
by in News

EU’s amendments to CBAM: possibility of relief, but January 1 brought market uncertainty

Long-awaited implementing acts and amendments to the CBAM Regulation brought only a minor relief for the Western Balkans, investors in renewables, and electricity traders. Balkan Green Energy News has analyzed the documents that the European Commission published in December 2025, and the impact of the proposed measures on Energy Community contracting parties – Albania, BiH, Kosovo*, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia.

From January 1, European firms importing aluminum, cement, electricity, iron and steel, hydrogen and fertilizers are obliged to pay a carbon price within the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).

Last year, the CBAM Regulation was criticized by experts from the Western Balkans (Ljubo Maćić, Zoran Gjorgjievski), European think-tanks (Bruegel), and organizations (Energy Traders Europe). Even the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E) requested that the transitional period be prolonged.

They said charging the tax, which started on January 1 as scheduled, would harm countries outside the EU, but also EU member states, market coupling of Western Balkan countries, and electricity trade.

Uncertainty surrounding electricity transit and trade remains high

The analysis showed that the European Commission is proposing changes to the CBAM regulation that would introduce a more favorable method for calculating the national emissions factor and actual emissions values. This benefits non-EU countries that export electricity to the EU, owners of operational renewable energy power plants in these countries, and future green energy investments.

The proposal foresees amendments to the procedure for market coupling, but it is unclear whether these will bring any concrete changes. The commission didn’t propose changes regarding transit, and consequently, electricity trading.

Provided that the proposal is accepted as proposed, it will bring the said positive changes in calculating the national emissions factor and actual emissions values only by the end of the year, meaning that uncertainty in the market will persist until then.

Uncertainty surrounding electricity transit and trade remains high. The impact on the Western Balkans, as well as on the EU member states Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Hungary, Romania, and Slovenia, will become clear in the coming weeks and months.

There are two legislative streams

There are two relevant streams currently ongoing in EU legislation for CBAM for electricity. The first are the so-called implementing acts, which are similar to secondary legislation in national law. They further define the technical details of the CBAM regulation.

The other part is the commission’s proposal to amend the CBAM Regulation itself. It will become part of the law when the other co-legislators in the EU – the Council of the EU, which includes the member states, and the European Parliament – together agree on it.

Nobody can say exactly when that process will be finished, but most likely not before the autumn.

National emissions factors, actual emission values: improvement

eu western balkans cbam electricity market coupling amendments
Photo: iStock

There is a proposal to change the way the national emission factors are calculated in the main CBAM Regulation. Currently it only includes the part of the electricity mix based on fossil fuels, regardless of their share in the country’s power generation mix.

For example, for Serbia, a contracting party of the Energy Community, this factor is 1.04. If the national power mix is taken into account, it would go down to 0.7, making the cost of CBAM about 40% lower.

The commission proposed to replace the electricity mix based on fossil fuels, in its accounting system, with one encompassing all energy sources.

The commission also intends to change the requirements for switching to actual emission values

The commission also intends to change the requirements for switching to actual emission values. These are relevant for the producers of renewable energy in non-EU countries. Current conditions are very strict and, to some stakeholders, not achievable.

For example, if a wind farm in the Western Balkans, owned by a domestic or foreign investor, cannot meet these conditions the CBAM payments for the electricity from the facility exported to the neighboring Croatia would be calculated based on the national emissions factor.

The commission suggested that an importer shouldn’t need to have a power purchase agreement (PPA) with a producer directly, which is one of the conditions, but that it could be done through intermediaries. It also proposed the removal of the requirements related to congestion.

These proposals could remove negative impacts on renewable electricity exports and development in non-EU countries, including contracting parties.

Transit: nothing new

The issue of transit hasn’t been addressed in the acts and amendments.

Under the CBAM Regulation, it is unclear how electricity transit costs would be calculated. For example, from Bulgaria to Hungary via Serbia, and who would be required to cover them.

The commission clarified several times that transit isn’t subject to CBAM. However, the physical, practical implementation is the problem.

For example, a trader buys electricity from Greece, transits it through North Macedonia, and puts it on the Serbian SEEPEX power exchange. Somebody else buys it and sells it in Hungary.

It would be very difficult or impossible to say that electricity from Greece was sold into Hungary.

This is why stakeholders take a conservative approach and say that they cannot prove. So, most likely they wouldn’t opt for these countries – non-EU countries, like contracting parties – for transit.

Retroactivity: possibility for improvement

eu western balkans electricity market cbam amendments
Photo: iStock

One of the provisions in the commission’s proposal to amend the CBAM Regulation is that the changes in the electricity sector could apply retroactively, starting from January 2026.

Just as a reminder, EU firms are obliged since the start of this month to pay a CBAM fee for importing designated goods and raw materials and electricity via purchasing so-called CBAM certificates.

Obviously, an importer will try to pass on this cost partly or fully to its counterparts in the third countries. But, importantly, EU firms won’t be able to purchase CBAM certificates yet this year, but only from February 1, 2027.

If the amendment on national emissions factor is adopted, for example in October, this could mean lower CBAM costs for EU importers of electricity from non-EU countries.

Without details on the path forward, market participants lack certainty about the level of CBAM costs

The commission intended to remedy some of the negative impacts on the electricity markets with amendments with retroactive effect. But without details on the path forward, market participants lack certainty about the level of CBAM costs to be paid for 2026.

Based on the current rules, CBAM costs for countries which have lignite in their generation mix could be EUR 70 per MWh to EUR 80 per MWh if the EU ETS price is around 80 EUR per ton of CO2. In some cases, the fee is almost 100% above the electricity price itself.

It is clear that it would rarely make sense to import electricity to the EU from third countries. The price difference, let’s say between Hungary and Serbia, would need to be more than EUR 70 per MWh to EUR 80 per MWh to make the business case.

Market coupling: nothing new or possibility for improvement

eu cbam western balkans electricity market amendments
Photo: Sergio Cerrato – Italia from Pixabay

There are several references to market coupling in the proposal. Energy Community contracting parties are in different phases of market coupling with EU countries.

The commission has proposed signing memoranda of understanding with third countries. It would set out the timeline and conditions for an exemption from CBAM on electricity.

This could be done after the commission approves the so-called verification process of a contracting party’s transposition of the Electricity Integration Package (EIP). It would be a green light for the next stage, which entails the technical tests, leading up to the completion of market coupling.

The current wording in the proposal leaves room for various interpretations

The current wording in the proposal leaves room for various interpretations, one being that the MoU may open the door for an exemption already when the “point of no return” is reached. It is when the contracting party has done all its homework and only the technical tests remain.

However, the commission didn’t propose the other conditions for CBAM exemption to be changed, such as the development of a roadmap on the introduction of a CO2 price that would be equivalent to the level in the EU’s Emissions Trading System (EU ETS).

The question is what the MoU would exactly be about, and if “equivalent” could be defined more precisely.

Why is this important?

No contracting party has yet met the conditions to receive a CBAM exemption in the electricity sector. A critical requirement is to agree to charge an emissions price from 2030 equivalent to the EU ETS.

The CBAM regulation says that the tax cannot technically be implemented on a market which is coupled with the EU internal energy market

If equivalent means the same price, here is the outcome for Serbia, for example: The current CO2 price in the EU is EUR 80 per ton of CO2 equivalent, but is expected to rise to above EUR 100 by 2030, or even reach EUR 150. It would raise prices to consumers by about EUR 75 per MWh and EUR 110, respectively.

The CBAM regulation says that the tax cannot technically be implemented on a market which is coupled with the EU internal energy market. This is why there is a possibility for an exemption for electricity for imports from those countries which are coupled until a technical solution is found how to implement CBAM.

Starting from January 1, any country that is ready to be coupled would in parallel also need to qualify for and receive an exemption from CBAM for electricity. If you fulfil the conditions, you get coupled and get an exemption and CBAM will disappear.

What next?

It could be said that CBAM implementation as of January 1 will certainly affect market integration in the sense that people, businesses would react to market uncertainty.

Trade will be impacted; imports from contracting parties to the EU will be expected to disappear. Of course, contracting parties will continue to import electricity from the EU member states.

The weeks and months ahead will show to what extent the prices and liquidity would be affected in the contracting parties and neighboring EU member states Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Hungary, Romania, Slovenia.

For example, Greece would have only the Bulgaria-Romania route to export electricity, and it is already congested. Greece could face curtailments in renewable electricity.

We will also see what the effect on the renewables deployment in contracting parties will be. Are investors going to postpone investments until they see if the changes proposed by the commission are adopted, or are they going to leave for other markets?

Pozsgai: Amendments point in the right direction

Péter Pozsgai, Lead of the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism Readiness Task Force in the Energy Community Secretariat:

“The European Commission’s proposed amendments point in the right direction, reflecting a consideration of the progress of contracting parties in electricity market coupling, and better outlining the operational details of an exemption via an MoU. The refinement of the rules on national emission factors and the conditions for using actual emission values also demonstrate the intention to minimize the unintended impacts of CBAM on renewable development in contracting parties”.

 

Post Views:115
January 9, 2026
by in News

EU’s amendments to CBAM: possibility of relief, but January 1 brought market uncertainty

Long-awaited implementing acts and amendments to the CBAM Regulation brought only a minor relief for the Western Balkans, investors in renewables, and electricity traders. The documents has been analyzed that the European Commission published in December 2025, and the impact of the proposed measures on Energy Community contracting parties – Albania, BiH, Kosovo*, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia.

From January 1, European firms importing aluminum, cement, electricity, iron and steel, hydrogen and fertilizers are obliged to pay a carbon price within the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).

Last year, the CBAM Regulation was criticized by experts from the Western Balkans (Ljubo Maćić, Zoran Gjorgjievski), European think-tanks (Bruegel), and organizations (Energy Traders Europe). Even the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E) requested that the transitional period be prolonged.

They said charging the tax, which started on January 1 as scheduled, would harm countries outside the EU, but also EU member states, market coupling of Western Balkan countries, and electricity trade.

Uncertainty surrounding electricity transit and trade remains high

The analysis showed that the European Commission is proposing changes to the CBAM regulation that would introduce a more favorable method for calculating the national emissions factor and actual emissions values. This benefits non-EU countries that export electricity to the EU, owners of operational renewable energy power plants in these countries, and future green energy investments.

The proposal foresees amendments to the procedure for market coupling, but it is unclear whether these will bring any concrete changes. The commission didn’t propose changes regarding transit, and consequently, electricity trading.

Provided that the proposal is accepted as proposed, it will bring the said positive changes in calculating the national emissions factor and actual emissions values only by the end of the year, meaning that uncertainty in the market will persist until then.

Uncertainty surrounding electricity transit and trade remains high. The impact on the Western Balkans, as well as on the EU member states Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Hungary, Romania, and Slovenia, will become clear in the coming weeks and months.

There are two legislative streams

There are two relevant streams currently ongoing in EU legislation for CBAM for electricity. The first are the so-called implementing acts, which are similar to secondary legislation in national law. They further define the technical details of the CBAM regulation.

The other part is the commission’s proposal to amend the CBAM Regulation itself. It will become part of the law when the other co-legislators in the EU – the Council of the EU, which includes the member states, and the European Parliament – together agree on it.

Nobody can say exactly when that process will be finished, but most likely not before the autumn.

National emissions factors, actual emission values: improvement

eu western balkans cbam electricity market coupling amendments
Photo: iStock

There is a proposal to change the way the national emission factors are calculated in the main CBAM Regulation. Currently it only includes the part of the electricity mix based on fossil fuels, regardless of their share in the country’s power generation mix.

For example, for Serbia, a contracting party of the Energy Community, this factor is 1.04. If the national power mix is taken into account, it would go down to 0.7, making the cost of CBAM about 40% lower.

The commission proposed to replace the electricity mix based on fossil fuels, in its accounting system, with one encompassing all energy sources.

The commission also intends to change the requirements for switching to actual emission values

The commission also intends to change the requirements for switching to actual emission values. These are relevant for the producers of renewable energy in non-EU countries. Current conditions are very strict and, to some stakeholders, not achievable.

For example, if a wind farm in the Western Balkans, owned by a domestic or foreign investor, cannot meet these conditions the CBAM payments for the electricity from the facility exported to the neighboring Croatia would be calculated based on the national emissions factor.

The commission suggested that an importer shouldn’t need to have a power purchase agreement (PPA) with a producer directly, which is one of the conditions, but that it could be done through intermediaries. It also proposed the removal of the requirements related to congestion.

These proposals could remove negative impacts on renewable electricity exports and development in non-EU countries, including contracting parties.

Transit: nothing new

The issue of transit hasn’t been addressed in the acts and amendments.

Under the CBAM Regulation, it is unclear how electricity transit costs would be calculated. For example, from Bulgaria to Hungary via Serbia, and who would be required to cover them.

The commission clarified several times that transit isn’t subject to CBAM. However, the physical, practical implementation is the problem.

For example, a trader buys electricity from Greece, transits it through North Macedonia, and puts it on the Serbian SEEPEX power exchange. Somebody else buys it and sells it in Hungary.

It would be very difficult or impossible to say that electricity from Greece was sold into Hungary.

This is why stakeholders take a conservative approach and say that they cannot prove. So, most likely they wouldn’t opt for these countries – non-EU countries, like contracting parties – for transit.

Retroactivity: possibility for improvement

eu western balkans electricity market cbam amendments
Photo: iStock

One of the provisions in the commission’s proposal to amend the CBAM Regulation is that the changes in the electricity sector could apply retroactively, starting from January 2026.

Just as a reminder, EU firms are obliged since the start of this month to pay a CBAM fee for importing designated goods and raw materials and electricity via purchasing so-called CBAM certificates.

Obviously, an importer will try to pass on this cost partly or fully to its counterparts in the third countries. But, importantly, EU firms won’t be able to purchase CBAM certificates yet this year, but only from February 1, 2027.

If the amendment on national emissions factor is adopted, for example in October, this could mean lower CBAM costs for EU importers of electricity from non-EU countries.

Without details on the path forward, market participants lack certainty about the level of CBAM costs

The commission intended to remedy some of the negative impacts on the electricity markets with amendments with retroactive effect. But without details on the path forward, market participants lack certainty about the level of CBAM costs to be paid for 2026.

Based on the current rules, CBAM costs for countries which have lignite in their generation mix could be EUR 70 per MWh to EUR 80 per MWh if the EU ETS price is around 80 EUR per ton of CO2. In some cases, the fee is almost 100% above the electricity price itself.

It is clear that it would rarely make sense to import electricity to the EU from third countries. The price difference, let’s say between Hungary and Serbia, would need to be more than EUR 70 per MWh to EUR 80 per MWh to make the business case.

Market coupling: nothing new or possibility for improvement

eu cbam western balkans electricity market amendments
Photo: Sergio Cerrato – Italia from Pixabay

There are several references to market coupling in the proposal. Energy Community contracting parties are in different phases of market coupling with EU countries.

The commission has proposed signing memoranda of understanding with third countries. It would set out the timeline and conditions for an exemption from CBAM on electricity.

This could be done after the commission approves the so-called verification process of a contracting party’s transposition of the Electricity Integration Package (EIP). It would be a green light for the next stage, which entails the technical tests, leading up to the completion of market coupling.

The current wording in the proposal leaves room for various interpretations

The current wording in the proposal leaves room for various interpretations, one being that the MoU may open the door for an exemption already when the “point of no return” is reached. It is when the contracting party has done all its homework and only the technical tests remain.

However, the commission didn’t propose the other conditions for CBAM exemption to be changed, such as the development of a roadmap on the introduction of a CO2 price that would be equivalent to the level in the EU’s Emissions Trading System (EU ETS).

The question is what the MoU would exactly be about, and if “equivalent” could be defined more precisely.

Why is this important?

No contracting party has yet met the conditions to receive a CBAM exemption in the electricity sector. A critical requirement is to agree to charge an emissions price from 2030 equivalent to the EU ETS.

The CBAM regulation says that the tax cannot technically be implemented on a market which is coupled with the EU internal energy market

If equivalent means the same price, here is the outcome for Serbia, for example: The current CO2 price in the EU is EUR 80 per ton of CO2 equivalent, but is expected to rise to above EUR 100 by 2030, or even reach EUR 150. It would raise prices to consumers by about EUR 75 per MWh and EUR 110, respectively.

The CBAM regulation says that the tax cannot technically be implemented on a market which is coupled with the EU internal energy market. This is why there is a possibility for an exemption for electricity for imports from those countries which are coupled until a technical solution is found how to implement CBAM.

Starting from January 1, any country that is ready to be coupled would in parallel also need to qualify for and receive an exemption from CBAM for electricity. If you fulfil the conditions, you get coupled and get an exemption and CBAM will disappear.

What next?

It could be said that CBAM implementation as of January 1 will certainly affect market integration in the sense that people, businesses would react to market uncertainty.

Trade will be impacted; imports from contracting parties to the EU will be expected to disappear. Of course, contracting parties will continue to import electricity from the EU member states.

The weeks and months ahead will show to what extent the prices and liquidity would be affected in the contracting parties and neighboring EU member states Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Hungary, Romania, Slovenia.

For example, Greece would have only the Bulgaria-Romania route to export electricity, and it is already congested. Greece could face curtailments in renewable electricity.

We will also see what the effect on the renewables deployment in contracting parties will be. Are investors going to postpone investments until they see if the changes proposed by the commission are adopted, or are they going to leave for other markets?

Pozsgai: Amendments point in the right direction

Péter Pozsgai, Lead of the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism Readiness Task Force in the Energy Community Secretariat:

“The European Commission’s proposed amendments point in the right direction, reflecting a consideration of the progress of contracting parties in electricity market coupling, and better outlining the operational details of an exemption via an MoU. The refinement of the rules on national emission factors and the conditions for using actual emission values also demonstrate the intention to minimize the unintended impacts of CBAM on renewable development in contracting parties”.

Post Views:109
December 20, 2025
by in News

European Commission proposes easing 2035 car emissions rules

The European Commission has proposed a new Automotive Package that aims to give carmakers greater flexibility in meeting emissions reduction requirements. The new rules would lower the emissions cut target from 100% to 90%, allowing the sale of hybrid and internal combustion vehicles after 2035.

From 2035 onwards, carmakers will need to comply with a 90% emissions reduction target, while the remaining 10% emissions will need to be compensated through the use of low-carbon steel produced in the European Union, or from e-fuels and biofuels, according to a press release from the commission.

“This will allow for plug-in hybrids (PHEV), range extenders, mild hybrids, and internal combustion engine vehicles to still play a role beyond 2035, in addition to full electric (EVs) and hydrogen vehicles,” reads the announcement.

Carmakers will be incentivized to produce affordable EVs

The commission is also proposing “super credits” to incentivize carmakers to produce small, affordable electric cars made in the European Union. This measure would be in place until 2035.

Hoekstra: The EU is staying the course towards zero-emissions mobility

European Climate Action Commissioner Wopke Hoekstra has said the EU is staying the course towards zero-emissions mobility, but introducing some flexibilities for manufacturers to meet their CO2 targets in the most cost-efficient way.

The move comes amid pressure from car manufacturers, who claim their business is threatened by competition from China and the United States, according to reports.

The move comes amid pressure from European carmakers

Several EU member states – Germany, Italy, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia – say their automakers are struggling with high energy prices, a shortage of components, including batteries, and weak demand for electric vehicles.

The proposal includes a EUR 1.8 billion package to help develop a fully EU-made battery value chain and tackle competition from outside the bloc. As part of the accompanying Battery Booster package, EUR 1.5 billion will be disbursed in interest-free loans to European battery manufacturers, according to the press release.

Post Views:34
December 19, 2025
by in News

Applications open for EUSEW2026 Awards

Applications are now open for the European Sustainable Energy Awards (EUSEW) 2026. They recognise individuals, initiatives, and projects that promote best practices and raise awareness of the importance of sustainable energy solutions across Europe.

EUSEW is Europe’s largest event dedicated to renewable energy and energy efficiency. It features a wide range of activities, including the European Sustainable Energy Awards ceremony.

The EUSEW Awards recognise and celebrate people, projects, and initiatives that contribute to Europe’s transition to clean energy. They highlight achievements that support the goals of the EU’s Clean Industrial Deal and encourage others to adopt best practices in building a sustainable energy future.

The awards are presented in three categories: Local Energy Action, Women in Energy, and, for the first time, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) as Energy Efficiency Leaders.

The competition showcases innovative approaches to shaping Europe’s energy future and culminates in an awards ceremony held during the EUSEW conference, which will take place from June 9 to 11 next year in a hybrid format. Participants and speakers will be able to attend both online and in person in Brussels. The slogan of this year’s edition, 20th EUSEW, is ‘A clean, secure and competitive Energy Union’.

Finalists will be selected by an expert jury, which will assess applications based on three criteria: concept, implementation, and impact. Each criterion carries a maximum of ten points. The winners will be chosen through a public vote.

Interested applicants may apply directly by January 29 or nominate someone who has made an outstanding contribution to the energy transition.

SMEs as energy efficiency leaders

This year, a new award category has been introduced to recognise the creativity and impact of small and medium-sized enterprises developing innovative business or financing models to improve energy efficiency.

Eligible applicants include SMEs operating in at least one EU member state that have a pilot or commercial project representing an innovation in energy efficiency or financing.

The European Commission and the European Investment Bank have announced a EUR 17.5 billion financing initiative aimed at improving energy efficiency among SMEs, which is expected to benefit around 350,000 businesses across the EU.

Local Energy Action Award

This category recognises clean energy initiatives that demonstrate the strength of community action. It includes associations, organisations, and groups of citizens delivering long-term, real-scale sustainable energy solutions through local and regional projects, with wider social, economic, and environmental benefits.

Last year’s winner was the Community Energy for Social Housing in Otterbeek. The project provides vulnerable residents with access to renewable energy in the Belgian city of Mechelen. Around 200 households in the Otterbeek social housing district have been equipped with solar panels and receive green electricity at a fixed price below market rates.

Women in Energy: leadership that transforms

The Women in Energy Award celebrates women who are shaping Europe’s clean energy transition and redefining leadership in the energy sector, with a particular focus on gender equality and equal opportunities.

Last year’s winner in this category was Stella Tsani, a scientist and associate professor at the University of Athens.

She was recognised for her work linking economics, sustainability, and social wellbeing to help shape fair and effective energy policies across Europe and the Mediterranean. In addition to her influential research, Tsani is a dedicated mentor to young women in the energy sector, contributing to an inclusive and future-oriented clean energy transition.

Post Views:50
December 16, 2025
by in News

EU presents European Grids Package: faster permitting, stronger interconnections, lower energy bills

The European Commission presented the European Grids Package, a comprehensive plan to modernise transmission infrastructure, accelerate permitting procedures, and overcome bottlenecks in Europe’s electricity networks. It also unveiled the Energy Highways initiative, which consists of eight major infrastructure projects critical for energy security, renewable energy integration, and cross-border electricity market connectivity.

Energy infrastructure is the backbone of the energy system. Yet the EU’s energy network remains insufficiently integrated, and investment levels fall short of what is needed, a situation that directly affects household energy bills.

Ageing infrastructure and limited interconnection capacity are creating bottlenecks that slow the energy transition. Although some progress has been made within the existing EU legislative framework, the level of interconnection among member states remains inadequate. Several countries are not on track to meet the 15% interconnection target by 2030.

To address these challenges, the European Commission has presented the European Grids Package and Energy Highways initiative. The aim is to enable a more efficient flow of energy across the EU, integrate greater volumes of renewable energy into the system, and accelerate electrification.

Jørgensen: A truly interconnected energy system is the foundation of a strong and independent Europe

The Grids Package is designed to speed up permitting and ensure a fairer distribution of costs for cross-border infrastructure. It should also improve the use of existing infrastructure and accelerate the development of networks and other physical energy assets across the EU.

Among the measures is a new mechanism that allows the commission to initiate the search for additional infrastructure projects when existing initiatives do not cover identified cross-border needs.

“A truly interconnected and integrated energy system is the foundation of a strong and independent Europe. To achieve it, we need an energy infrastructure network of cables, pipes and grids that is up to date, fully interconnected, and that enables clean, affordable, homegrown energy to flow freely and securely to every corner of our union. This is exactly what we are proposing today: a common European energy project that supports affordable living, economic competitiveness, security, and decarbonisation,” said Dan Jørgensen, European Commissioner for Energy and Housing.

Permitting reform

Slow permitting remains one of the biggest bottlenecks for energy infrastructure and renewable energy projects in the EU.
Obtaining permits for transmission infrastructure currently takes more than five years on average, while renewable energy projects may face delays of up to nine years.

The Grids Package introduces simplified and accelerated permitting procedures. The commissioners have proposed setting time limits within which decisions must be taken for all types of projects. If the competent authority fails to respond within the deadline, the permit would be considered granted.

Permits for smaller projects would be issued through faster and more streamlined procedures

Permits for smaller projects would be issued through faster and more streamlined procedures. All processes would have to be fully digitalised, and national administrations would be required to have adequate staffing and technical capacity to process applications.

The commission is proposing to move away from the current first-come, first-served model and introduce a system that ensures timely and non-discriminatory access to the grid, one that balances social acceptance and industrial competitiveness.

Public and private financing

According to the commission’s estimates, EUR 1.2 trillion in investment will be needed for Europe’s electricity grid by 2040. Distribution networks account for EUR 730 billion within the sum, compared to EUR 240 billion for hydrogen infrastructure.

The commission said additional financing tools are required, including cost-sharing arrangements, arguing that cross-border infrastructure generates benefits that extend beyond the territory in which a project is located.

Another suggested solution is the formation of project firms (special purpose vehicles – SPVs) to attract additional private investment.

Given that grid infrastructure is largely financed through network tariffs, part of the burden falls on consumers. To ease this pressure, the commission announced it would boost financial support through the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF), the EU’s regular seven-year budget, including a significant expansion of the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF). The tool is designed to support investments in new cross-border energy infrastructure and upgrades or rehabilitation of existing assets.

The current 2021–2027 EU budget contained EUR 5.8 billion for cross-border projects under CEF. For the 2028–2034 period, the commission said the amount would be raised almost fivefold, to EUR 29.91 billion.

On the private side, the EU is working on its Clean Energy Investment Strategy, to launch it in 2026 by outlining measures for private sector participation including institutional investors, as well as additional support from the European Investment Bank (EIB).

Energy Highways

The Energy Highways initiative comprises eight of the EU’s largest and most critical infrastructure projects, essential for energy security, renewable energy integration, and cross-border electricity market connectivity.

They have already been already listed as Projects of Common Interest (PCI) or Projects of Mutual Interest (PMI), but under the new initiative, they would receive elevated political priority, accelerated financing, and faster permitting.

Energy Highways
Photo: European Commission

Among the projects are the reinforcement of interconnections across the Pyrenees to improve the integration of the Iberian Peninsula, the connection of Cyprus with continental Europe through the Great Sea Interconnector, as well as an upgrade of electricity links between the Baltic states, including the Harmony Link to Poland, which is essential for the full synchronisation of the region with the European grid.

The commission has also endorsed the establishment of Denmark’s hub on the island of Bornholm, which could, in the coming years, be connected to additional locations in the Baltic Sea.

Among the priorities are strengthening energy storage capacity in South-Eastern Europe

Among the priorities are strengthening energy storage capacity in South-Eastern Europe, as well as the modernisation of the Trans-Balkan Pipeline (TBP) for gas.

The list includes two hydrogen corridors. The southern one would connect Tunisia, Italy, Austria, and Germany, and the south-western corridor is a planned link between Portugal, Spain, France, and Germany. The commission has announced strong coordination and political support for the latter.

The commission views these projects as pillars of Europe’s future energy network, essential for lower electricity prices, greater system stability, and reduced dependence on fossil fuels.

In a regular legislative procedure, the proposals now move to the European Parliament and the Council of the EU for further deliberation.

Post Views:70
December 8, 2025
by in News

Bruegel: Without refining or delaying CBAM for electricity, EU risks market integration, security of supply

Unless the rules are refined for the electricity sector, the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) risks undermining the European electricity market integration and security of supply, Brussels-based think tank Bruegel warned.

Bruegel has analyzed the impacts of the application of CBAM, set for January 1, 2026. The tax will apply to steel, cement, iron, aluminium, fertilizers, hydrogen, electricity, and also to the cross-border trade in electricity.

The think tank proposes the application of CBAM in the electricity sector to be reconsidered, or at least for it to be postponed until 2028.

“Including electricity from January 2026 risks undermining European electricity market integration and security of energy supply, while the climate benefits are unclear. A delay could form part of a constructive compromise in an ongoing CBAM revision,” Ben McWilliams, Rouven Stubbe and Georg Zachmann wrote.

Ukraine and the Western Balkans will face implied export penalties of EUR 70-80 per MWh

The trading partners affected by CBAM on electricity are the United Kingdom, Morocco, the Western Balkans – Albania, BiH, Kosovo*, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia – Ukraine, Moldova and Turkey.

According to the analysis, Ukraine and the Western Balkans will face implied export penalties of EUR 70 per MWh to EUR 80 per MWh. It will significantly reduce trade with the EU, the authors stressed.

Ukraine’s electricity exports to the EU are expected to drop more than 60% from the level in a scenario without CBAM – from 6 TWh to 2.5 TWh, they added.

Additional trade barriers on the EU’s eastern borders would slow electricity market integration.

The export of solar power from Greece to other EU countries could also be affected by CBAM

“Falling average electricity prices, lower market values for renewables and increased price volatility would also reduce incentives to invest in renewable assets in these countries. Moreover, the Western Balkans is an important transit region for intra-European electricity trading. The export of solar power from Greece to other EU countries, for example, could also be affected by CBAM,” the analysis reads.

The authors said the policy goal of integrating Energy Community countries into the EU’s internal energy market is strategically more important than addressing carbon leakage and argued that, in the long run, it is more important from a climate perspective, too.

Not clear whether the application of CBAM to the electricity trade will deliver

They recalled that the purpose of CBAM is to reduce the risk of so-called carbon leakage, as well as to encourage third countries to implement domestic carbon pricing.

“However, it is not clear that the application of CBAM, as currently designed, to the electricity trade will deliver on either front,” the authors said. They named two reasons why carbon leakage in the electricity sector is problematic. The free allowances issued to electricity producers under the ETS were already phased out in 2013 – implying that electricity is not considered by the European Commission to be a sector at serious risk of carbon leakage.

The current CBAM legislation is not clear enough

Secondly, the current CBAM legislation is not clear enough. Unless hard-to-fulfil conditions apply, the Regulation (EU) 2023/956, which established CBAM, proposes that default carbon emission values be applied.

The outcome is that the values in question are calculated according to the last five-year average CO2 intensity of electricity produced from fossil fuels. It is problematic because electricity is exported when prices in one grid are lower than in another, which typically happens when renewables output is high, the think tank underlined in its analysis.

It is also unfair because power systems are evolving – production from fossil fuels is decreasing and renewables generation is increasing.

The coupling of the electricity markets of Energy Community countries is unlikely before 2028

Regarding CBAM’s intention to push third countries to introduce carbon pricing, the authors said that the first developments indicate some results.

However, they explained that an exemption for the electricity sectors of third countries is available under certain conditions, including electricity market coupling and the introduction of an ETS with an equivalent price to the EU ETS by 2030.

The CBAM charge sets off in January 2026, and the coupling of the electricity markets of Energy Community countries is unlikely before 2028, which means that an exemption for electricity cannot be secured before that date under current rules, the analysis underlined.

The solution

The authors pointed out that the potential gains from including electricity in CBAM are limited, compared to the frictions it will create. They suggested to the EU to follow the lead of the UK, which doesn’t plan to include electricity in its own CBAM, and thus to drop electricity from its sectoral coverage.

Otherwise, the authors proposed a revision of the calculation of default carbon emissions, and application delay until 2028 with additional analysis on the risk of carbon leakage in the electricity sector.

Regarding the default carbon emissions, five-year average CO2 intensity should be substituted for average grid emission factors calculated on an hourly or 15-minute basis, administered by the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E) and national transmission system operators.

The application of CBAM to electricity should be delayed until 2028 to avoid disruption to the electricity trade and to give more time for the introduction of domestic carbon pricing and the coupling of electricity markets, the authors of the analysis concluded.

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* This designation is without prejudice to positions onstatus and is in line with UNSCR 1244/99 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.
December 2, 2025
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EUSEW2026: Focus on clean, secure, competitive Energy Union

The European Sustainable Energy Week (EUSEW), Europe’s largest annual gathering dedicated to renewable energy and energy efficiency, will take place from June 9 to 11, 2026, under the theme ‘A clean, secure and competitive Energy Union’. The 20th edition of EUSEW will be held in a hybrid format, both in Brussels and online. The event will highlight the importance of building a secure, resilient Energy Union while ensuring clean and affordable energy for all.

EUSEW2026 will feature a diverse program of events, including the EUSEW Policy Conference, the EUSEW Awards, the Energy Fair, the seventh edition of the European Youth Energy Day, and Sustainable Energy Days.

The EUSEW Policy Conference will host over 60 engaging and innovative sessions organized by the clean energy community. The European Commission has opened a call for policy session proposals until January 22, inviting industry stakeholders, policymakers, civil society representatives, and academics to contribute their insights and expertise.

EUSEW Awards will be presented in three categories

The EUSEW Awards will recognize outstanding individuals and projects that drive progress in energy efficiency and renewable energy. This year, awards will be presented in three categories: Local Energy Action, Women in Energy, and, for the first time, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) Driving Energy Efficiency. Applications and nominations are open until January 29.

European Commissioner for Energy and Housing Dan Jørgensen at EUSEW 2025
European Commissioner for Energy and Housing Dan Jørgensen at EUSEW 2025

Interested participants can also join an online info session on Wednesday, December 3, from 11:00 to 12:30 CET. Representatives of the European Commission will present this year’s theme, key milestones leading up to and during the conference, and the requirements and selection criteria for policy sessions and EUSEW Awards contributions. A timeline, Q&A, and a recording of the info session will be made available on the EUSEW2026 info page.

Additional opportunities to get involved will be announced in January and February, including options to exhibit at the Energy Fair, become a Young Energy Ambassador, or organize a local Sustainable Energy Day.

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October 31, 2025
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Serbia eyes last quarter of 2027 for power market coupling with EU – SEEPEX CEO

Serbia is targeting the last quarter of 2027 for coupling with the European Union’s single day-ahead market, Serbian power exchange SEEPEX’s Managing Director Miloš Mladenović said.

Miloš Mladenović was one of the speakers at the Energy Connectivity, Resilience and Security in Southeastern Europe panel at the 14th International Forum on Energy for Sustainable Development in Skopje.

He recalled that a few weeks ago, the European Commission finally published the governance for the verification process regarding the transposition of the Electricity Integration Package (EIP) for market coupling by the contracting parties of the Energy Community.

SEEPEX would try to reduce the required time

Also, he added, it would took up to six months starting from the new year to implement the Market Coupling Operator Integration Plan (MCO IP).

“I think that in the middle of next year, we can start with this famous 18 months, which is regular time to implement the single day-ahead coupling (SDAC),” Mladenović stressed.

He underlined that within the extended ADEX family, with EPEX Spot and the transmission system operators (TSOs), which are shareholders, they would try to reduce the required time at the market coupling steering committee.

“Our common goal now is to try to catch this time slot, the last quarter of 2027,” he stated.

Mladenović noted that it is usual to use the first quarter of a year for the single day-ahead coupling (SDAC), and the last quarter for single intraday coupling (SIDC).

SEEPEX plans to proceed with intraday coupling with Hungary

“I hope that we would have understanding within the nominated electricity market operators (NEMOs) and the TSOs community to catch this thing and to have this last quarter of 2027 as a time slot for SDAC coupling,” he explained.

After that, SEEPEX plans, in his words, to proceed with intraday coupling with Hungary.

He pointed out that a few days ago, SEEPEX received positive feedback from the Italian Border Working Table (IBWT) regarding its initiative to couple Serbia with Bulgaria.

Now the request will be provided to national regulators for a confirmation letter, he added.

“I hope that for all other neighboring contracting parties of the Energy Community, the Serbia-Hungary coupling could be a vehicle to speed up the process,” Mladenović asserted.

European Commission to allow acceleration of market coupling

Mladenović also highlighted the experience Serbia had with the legal and regulatory side of the coupling process. “I will put business and technical parts aside, because I’m sure that my colleagues, both the power exchanges and the TSOs, are ready to implement all that is needed for the coupling,” he added.

The legal and regulatory process is, in his words, very demanding, because there are 10 grid codes to be transposed to align all the rules with the country’s market rules, with the transmission codes and with the legal framework.

He expressed doubt that the neighboring countries could achieve such speed.

“It could be some joint request to the European Commission to try to make coupling processes parallel. We insisted on this from the beginning. I hope that our colleagues from the region will get the green light to implement the project even before the legal and regulatory framework are in place,” Mladenović stressed.

He said he believes that the Serbia-Hungary coupling and the future Serbia-Bulgaria coupling could be a shiny start, leading soon to the entire region’s coupling with the EU internal market.

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October 30, 2025
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European Commission: Russian gas ban doesn’t include transit to Serbia, BiH

The proposed ban on importing Russian natural gas to the European Union doesn’t apply to the transit of Russian gas, so it doesn’t affect the supply of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, the European Commission’s spokesperson Anna-Kaisa Itkonen told Balkan Green Energy News.

After the Council of the European Union on Monday adopted its negotiating position on the European Commission’s draft regulation to phase out imports of Russian natural gas by January 1, 2028, reports emerged that Bulgaria would halt the transit of Russian gas to Serbia from January 1, 2026. The council agreed with the initiative to prohibit imports of Russian gas, starting on January 1, 2026, while maintaining a transition period for existing contracts.

Notably, Bulgaria’s Prime Minister Rosen Zhelyazkov announced in late September that his country would suspend Russian gas transit for short-term contracts in 2026 as part of EU plans to cut off Russian gas imports completely, Reuters reported.

Serbia receives natural gas from Russia via the Balkan Stream. The pipeline is an extension of TurkStream that passes through Bulgaria and Serbia. TurkStream delivers gas from Russia across the Black Sea to Turkey.

Bosnia and Herzegovina and Hungary, Serbia’s neighbors, are also supplied via Balkan Stream.

With regards to transit via EU territory, the EU proposal only requires more transparency on transited volumes to third countries

Balkan Green Energy News asked the European Commission to clarify if the supply of Russian gas to Serbia and BiH via Bulgaria would be halted as of January 1, 2026, but also how the EU could assist Serbia and BiH in that case.

The European Commission’s spokesperson Anna-Kaisa Itkonen noted that its REPowerEU proposal foresees a prohibition of the import of Russian gas into the EU.

“The EU import prohibition doesn’t concern the transit of Russian gas through the EU territory to third countries – including to Serbia and BiH. It doesn’t therefore affect Serbia’s or BiH gas supply,” she stressed.

With regards to transit via EU territory, in her words, the EU proposal only requires more transparency on transited volumes to third countries.

EU candidate countries are expected to progressively align their legislation with the EU acquis and rules

However, EU candidate countries are expected to progressively align their legislation with the EU acquis and rules as part of the accession process, Itkonen pointed out and added that it includes REPowerEU regulation once it becomes EU law.

Of note, the draft regulation to phase out imports of Russian natural gas constitutes a central element of the EU’s REPowerEU roadmap to end the EU’s dependency on Russian energy.

According to Itkonen, as a way to ensure security of supply, candidate countries including Serbia should diversify away from unreliable energy suppliers such as Russia. Following Russia’s war of aggression on Ukraine, it became evident how important this is and what problems it can create for any European country, she asserted.

“The EU is supporting the WB countries for diversifying their energy supplies”

Anna-Kaisa Itkonen (photo: European Commission)

“The EU is supporting the Western Balkan countries for diversifying their energy supplies and for closer integration into the EU’s energy networks, both for electricity and gas, as well as through investments in renewable energy and decarbonization efforts,” Itkonen underlined.

After energy ministers in the Council of the EU have agreed on the institution’s negotiating position on the European Commission’s draft regulation, the next step is the adoption of the European Parliament’s position.

The council and the parliament would then start negotiations on the regulation. When the two institutions approve a regulation, it directly applies to all member states.

The meeting of the so-called Energy Council highlighted several issues and concerns among EU member states about the proposed ban on Russian natural gas.

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October 30, 2025
by in News

Serbia warns of gas crisis as EU transit ban threatens Balkan Stream supply

Serbia is in a very difficult situation because, as of January 1, 2026, it won’t be able to receive Russian natural gas via Bulgaria, according to the Ministry of Mining and Energy.

Serbia receives natural gas from Russia via the Balkan Stream. The pipeline is an extension of TurkStream that passes through Bulgaria and Serbia. Bosnia and Herzegovina and Hungary, Serbia’s neighbors, are also supplied via Balkan Stream. TurkStream delivers gas from Russia across the Black Sea to Turkey.

Serbia is facing a very difficult and almost dead end situation due to the European Union’s ban on the transit of Russian gas through the EU to third countries, which will come into effect on January 1, 2026, according to Serbia’s Minister of Mining and Energy Dubravka Đedović Handanović.

Đedović Handanović: Bulgaria won’t allow the flow of Russian gas through the Balkan Stream

Bulgaria won’t allow the flow of Russian gas through Balkan Stream, which will negatively impact Serbia, she stressed.

The European Commission set out a plan in May to phase out the purchases of Russian natural gas, including in liquefied natural gas (LNG), and oil, by the end of 2027. The council now confirmed that imports of Russian gas will be prohibited from January 1, 2026, while maintaining a transition period for existing contracts.

Đedović Handanović: We are doing everything in our power, but the situation is almost hopeless, considering the current situation regarding NIS

Yesterday, the Council of the European Union agreed on its negotiating position on the European Commission’s draft regulation to phase out imports of Russian natural gas. When the European Parliament adopts its own position, it can start negotiating with the council.

When the two institutions approve a regulation, it directly applies to all member states.

Đedović Handanović expressed hope that a solution would be found due to, as she put it, President Aleksandar Vučić’s excellent relations with world leaders.

“We are doing everything in our power, but it is an almost dead end situation, considering the current situation regarding Naftna industrija Srbije [NIS]. Our country, which is not involved in any conflict, has found itself affected through no fault of its own. Despite everything, we will do our best, as we have so far, so that citizens don’t feel the problems we are facing,” Đedović Handanović underlined.

Namely, the United States imposed sanctions on October 9 against NIS, Serbia’s national oil importer, refiner, and operator of a chain of service stations.

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