July 15, 2025
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Ex-Yugoslav hydrogen scientists call for funding research with real-world applications

A team of scientists from Slovenia, Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina is working on a hydrogen project based on seawater electrolysis. Dalibor Karačić, Nejc Hodnik, Igor Pašti, and Sanjin Gutić believe their research can deliver a solution fit for commercial use, unlike many hydrogen technologies in development around the world. To unlock the sector’s potential, hydrogen funding schemes must shift the focus from complex and “elegant” solutions to those that can be applied outside the lab, according to the scientists.

Investment in hydrogen technologies worldwide exceeded USD 200 billion in 2023, but most of the research might never produce scalable solutions due to over-complexity and impracticability, according to the four scientists.

Investment in hydrogen research exceeded USD 200 billion in 2023

Karačić, Hodnik, Pašti, and Gutić are working on a NATO-funded project that integrates membrane technology with seawater electrolysis. They claim they are not chasing novelty but “building something that can leave the lab.”

In theory, producing one kilogram of hydrogen requires nine liters of water, and even more in fossil-based hydrogen extraction. On the other hand, their research is based on the assumption that electrolysis from seawater and even wastewater could deliver hydrogen with lower water intensity and without ultrapure inputs, offering significant infrastructure savings.

This is especially relevant for countries like Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, which lack industrial hydrogen infrastructure but possess abundant natural water sources and technical talent, they claim.

Karačić: Balkan countries lack the political will to implement hydrogen solutions

Dalibor Karačić, lead researcher for energy conversion and storage systems at Sarajevo’s Center for Advanced Technologies (CNT), believes that the group’s project can deliver, but warns the region lacks the political will to implement the solution.

“We can deliver, but I don’t know who’s willing to receive it. Political will is lagging behind technical capability,” Karačić said in an interview with Energy News.

Some hydrogen uses do not require expensive high-pressure storage

When it comes to the issue of storage, Igor Pašti, Professor of Electrochemistry at the Faculty of Physical Chemistry of the University of Belgrade, claims that some industrial applications of hydrogen, such as ammonia production or steel processing, do not require expensive high-pressure storage. Tanks at 200 bars can hold hydrogen safely for two years, he explains.

One of the most cited barriers to turning lab success into industrial viability is the fact that many catalyst systems used in lab settings rely on rare metals or unrealistic environmental conditions. According to Nejc Hodnik, Head of Laboratory for Electrocatalysis at the National Institute of Chemistry in Ljubljana, Slovenia, 99% of existing research cannot be scaled because either the material is too unstable or the process cannot work outside the laboratory.

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June 26, 2025
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Greece to rely on carbon price, renewables potential in green hydrogen development

Despite early efforts to develop green hydrogen and its first regulatory framework, Greece finds itself on a steep curve.

The government has presented the first law on hydrogen and renewable gases in parliament. At the same time, refineries and other industries are working on projects that will determine green hydrogen’s cost-effectiveness.

However, a significant obstacle is the government’s unwillingness to support the new technology, either through subsidies or other financial instruments. The Ministry of Environment and Energy has specified that no upcoming technology would benefit from public funds. The goal is to maintain a low cost for the consumer during the energy transition.

According to Professor Pantelis Kapros from the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), it means hydrogen will have to rely almost exclusively on the price of carbon. As the European Union’s European Trading System (EU ETS) is about to enter its second phase in 2026, the price of carbon allowances is projected to rise steeply.

Even so, market participants estimate that a ton of carbon dioxide equivalent would need to cost EUR 140, two times more than today, to make green hydrogen competitive against grey hydrogen, which is produced from natural gas.

Exports and power prices added to the equation

Regardless, Greece sees an opportunity to produce and export green hydrogen. The reason is its high renewables potential and production. The ever-increasing photovoltaic capacity has caused an overabundance of energy during the day. More demand is needed to balance the system and hydrogen can provide a way out.

Tsafos: We want to become a supplier

The hope is that the low renewable energy cost, combined with potential interest in shipping hydrogen abroad, will justify long-term investments.

“Our view is that as long as the market is interested, we want to become a supplier,” Deputy Minister of Environment and Energy Nikos Tsafos said at the Hydrogen & Green Gases Forum in Athens.

A potential problem is that green hydrogen plants are not expected to be viable if they only produce during the day, when renewable energy prices are usually lower. “Ten hours of operation are not enough to support producers and there are also technical issues to solve,” said Dimitris Kardomateas, head of the Center for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving (CRES).

He also pointed to the average daily wholesale power price, as it is higher in Greece than in most other European markets. It should be noted that electricity makes up about 70% of the total operating cost of electrolyzers.

Biomethane considered more mature

On the other hand, biomethane is considered much easier to develop.  The technology depends less on power prices and also faces fewer technical hurdles. “Biomethane has a clear role, especially through its ability to enter the gas network, and we want to utilize it”, said Tsafos.

Gas distribution company Enaon EDA emphasized its readiness to include biomethane in its network. Its CEO Barbara Morgante noted that a study is underway to pinpoint the various existing and planned biomethane production plants around the country, as well as their proximity to Enaon’s network.

Biomethane is usually obtained by processing biogas to get methane of the same purity as in fossil gas. The renewable fuel can also be produced from clean hydrogen and CO2.

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May 5, 2025
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OMV opens Austria’s largest green hydrogen plant

OMV put into operation its green hydrogen plant in Schwechat near Vienna. The facility can produce 1,500 tons per year.

OMV is producing green hydrogen on a commercial scale for the first time. The Vienna-based fossil fuel and petrochemicals producer started up a 10 MW plant at its Schwechat refinery near Austria’s capital. It is the largest in the country.

The investment amounts to EUR 25 million. The electrolyzer system can produce up to 1,500 tons per annum. OMV said the green hydrogen would be used to make more sustainable fuels and chemicals including sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) and renewable diesel (HVO).

PEM electrolyzer uses wind power, hydropower, photovoltaics

The new 10 MW polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM, also called proton exchange membrane) electrolyzer is powered entirely by renewable electricity. It is generated by wind power, hydropower plants and photovoltaics.

The innovation enables annual savings of up to 15,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions, according to the comparator from the European Union’s Renewable Energy Directive. It is equivalent to 2,000 persons per year, based on the EU’s 2024 average of 7.5 tons of CO2 equivalent per capita.

“With the start-up of Austria’s largest electrolysis plant, we are re-inventing how essentials we use in everyday life are produced sustainably. Green hydrogen is at the heart of this transformation, serving as a critical component in producing fuels and chemicals while advancing the decarbonization of our Schwechat site,” said board member Martijn van Koten, responsible for fuels, feedstock and chemicals.

Green hydrogen project is step toward making OMV carbon neutral

The majority owner of Romanian OMV Petrom aims to cut its net emissions to zero by 2050. Its transformation is based on projects including for geothermal energy and chemical recycling. Green hydrogen can be utilized in the production process in refineries.

The green hydrogen plant is certified for producing renewable fuels of non-biological origin (RFNBOs).

Making green hydrogen through PEM electrolysis involves splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen using renewable electricity. At the anode, oxygen and positively charged hydrogen protons are generated. The protons pass through the PEM, and at the cathode, they combine with electrons to form hydrogen gas.

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April 25, 2025
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Turkey to manufacture green hydrogen, nuclear, CCS equipment

The 2030 Industry and Technology Strategy includes setting up industrial facilities in Turkey for nuclear energy, green hydrogen, battery storage and carbon capture and storage (CCS). The country is planning to establish a value chain for critical raw materials. The government vowed to support the development of semiconductor technology, autonomous and flying vehicles and cybersecurity solutions, alongside innovations for electric vehicles and solar and wind power.

With its recently unveiled 2030 Industry and Technology Strategy, Turkey announced the ambition to upgrade its industrial production to one of the most advanced in the world. As Russia’s Rosatom is completing the country’s first nuclear reactor in Akkuyu, the government is planning to develop its own technology in the segment.

The strategy involves setting up industrial clusters for equipment and infrastructure. Among the possible technologies are molten salt reactors. The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK), Turkish Energy, Nuclear and Mineral Research Agency (TENMAK) and Istanbul Technical University (İTÜ) are tasked with establishing a nuclear tech park.

Green hydrogen mostly needed for decarbonizing hard-to-abate industrial production

TÜBİTAK is responsible for developing domestic electrolyzers as well. The national hydrogen program is set to bring support for integrating the production of green hydrogen, storage, transportation and consumption. The last of the four is especially focused on energy-intensive industries such as steel, petrochemicals and fertilizers.

Another segment that would get incentives is the use of hydrogen in fuel cell vehicles including heavy vehicles. The strategy envisages setting up pilot zones for green hydrogen production, with electrolyzers powered by wind and solar energy.

Turkey has high ambitions for high-tech exports

Turkey has revealed the goal of tripling its high-tech exports to USD 30 billion by the end of the decade. It is part of an ambition to lift industrial exports to USD 400 billion from last year’s USD 247 billion. At the same time, the government’s target for the overall valuation of domestic tech startups is USD 100 billion.

The 2030 Industry and Technology Strategy has other chapters, too, like carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS or just CCS), access to critical raw materials, semiconductor and battery manufacturing and cybersecurity. Officials vowed to continue prioritizing domestic electric vehicles, but with investments in autonomous operation systems and even flying cars.

Cybersecurity solar and wind turbine technologies. Turkey apparently remains dedicated to expanding the industrial base for solar panels and wind turbines as well.

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